Organizational Structure Of The Criminal Justice System

Steve Jobs once said, â€Å"If you’re working on something exciting that you really care about. You don’t have to be pushed. The vision pulls you.† Criminal Justice Administration is all about the organizational structure of any corporation or organization in the criminal justice system. As a student at Campbell University it is required to hold an internship the summer before your senior year in the criminal justice program. Wunsch Law Firm has always allowed Campbell undergrads and law school students to hold internships within their firm. Throughout my internship experience, at Wunsch Law Firm, I kept Steve Job’s quote in mind. For the purpose of this paper I will discuss all observations about this organizations administrative structure using various variables, strengths, weaknesses, as well as any recommendations for improvement. Wunsch Law Firm is located in Lillington, North Carolina. Its location is only a short drive from the courthouse, which makes it a convenient location. Attorney Jason Wunsch has built a solid reputation representing everyday working people in the areas of Personal Injury, Family Law, Criminal Law, Civil Litigation, Driving While Intoxicated and Traffic Violations. Chad Wunsch mainly focuses on Family Law. Their father works with them as well handling all the finances. Paige Powell is the legal assistant for the firm and does an outstanding job. Jessica Clark is Chad’s paralegal and in charge of the interns. Interns spent a majority of time in theShow MoreRelatedCriminal Justice Organizational Effectiveness Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesachieving the desirable results is indicative of organization effectiveness. The United States Criminal Justice system is amongst the most respected governmental entities on the planet; and with a formidably structured and well developed hiera rchy, history has uncovered its adaptability through operational effectiveness. 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It is the study of how an individual or group interacts with one another and the dynamics of the personal relationshipsRead MoreOrganizational Perspectives On Leadership From Fields Outside Of Criminal Justice1145 Words   |  5 PagesProblem Statement â€Å"Organizational perspectives on leadership from fields outside of criminal justice are not relevant to criminal-justice practitioners because criminal-justice leaders face scenarios that are not comparable with scenarios that occur in other fields† (South University Online, 2016, para 1). Problem Background Information Two friends discuss their jobs over coffee. Friend one works as a police chief, and friend two works as a business executive. They each believed that their job was

How Does Our Brain Communicate Essay - 935 Words

Love According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, it defines love as â€Å"A feeling of strong or constant affection for a person.† (Love, 2015). In order to have the feeling of other person, we need social connection to support it and it is the foundation of all social activities. How does our brain respond to the love of other person? Will external factors change the way our brain responds to love or do our brain actually ignore these outside things and only focus on the inside activities only? I would like to start the discussion with Dr. Lieberman’s perspective. According to Lieberman, we human has both the ability to connect to the social world, and it is the basic needs for us to survive (Lieberman, 2013). Dr. Lieberman explained everything in the society at neurological perspective- the brain activity. Since social connection can be explained by the brain activities, love can be explained the same way. Because love is based on the social connection, in order to love someo ne, we need to know them first. The process of â€Å"getting to know someone† require social skill. There are serval different ways to look at our brain activities and it will explain the relationship between our brain and love. The department of neurology of Harvard University did an experiment on college students. They showed pictures of someone special to them and by using the fMRI to scan their brain compare to the time they look at the picture and the time they did not. The fMRI scan shows two partsShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Technology1027 Words   |  5 Pagesthreat to our brains. While others argue that new technology offers many benefits to our brains like, â€Å"enhancing our intellect, creativity, and mental capacity.† In my opinion, I think new technology is and can be a threat to our brains because I believe technology is replacing our ability to write, and read books. 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Sections Free Essays

Section Four: Software to Support Assessment 1)In a 750-1,000 word essay, draft your proposal to utilize software to support assessment in the classroom as a part of your Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan (Benchmark Assessment), which is due in Module 7. Consider the following: a)In what ways can technology facilitate the ongoing effort to assess student learning? b)What is the difference between formative assessment and summative assessment and how can technology be used to facilitate both? c)What are the pros and cons of using technology to assess student learning? )Should a teacher only use technology to assess student learning? Why or why not? 2)Support your rationale from your required readings and from three to five peer-reviewed articles from the GCU eLibrary. 3)Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the GCU Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. We will write a custom essay sample on Sections: or any similar topic only for you Order Now An abstract is not required. 4)The instructor will provide commentary on your draft, which you will then use as a basis for revising this section. The revised section will then become part of the complete Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan (Benchmark Assessment), due in Module 7. Refer to the rubric portion of this resource (below) for grading criteria for this assignment. 5)The draft of this section is due by the end of Module 5. Section Five: Technology Ethics in the Classroom 1)Construct a 750-1,000 word essay drafting your proposal for the ethical uses of technology in the classroom as a part of your Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan (Benchmark Assessment), which is due in Module 7. 2)Address the following issues in your essay: a)Discuss Internet security and how you would implement this in your classroom to protect the students from Internet predators and any inappropriate material. )Explain the way that you would create proper copyright and student use agreements that could be used in your classroom or in any K-12 classroom. c)Discuss three ethical practices of technology use that you would implement in your classroom and explain their importance in a K-12 classroom. 3)Use the GCU eLibrary to research a minimum of three to five peer-reviewed artic les that can be used in support of your content. 4)Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the GCU Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. How to cite Sections:, Papers

Obligations in Relation to Larry liability and the Wrongs Act 1958

Questions: 1.What are your rights and obligations in relation to Larry, your staff and other clients? 2.As the licensee are you liable for Larrys injuries? In your answer consider negligence,vicarious liability and occupiers liability and the Wrongs Act 1958? Answers: 1. Larry is the permanent staff of the restaurant that usually comes in Tapas restaurant to consume Spanish food and sangria. Issue arises when he is drunk and out of control. Often his nature changes and he behave badly with the staffs and clients in the restaurant. According to Liquor Control Reform Act 1998-section 3AB coordination of behaviour after consumption of liquor is not allowed. It is not allowed that after drinking the misuse and abuse of alcohol should not be done. Adequate supply and control over alcohol is restricted. As a licensee of Tapas restaurant it is the responsibility of the licensee to follow the structure of the act. As per section 824B of Corporation Act 2001 in hotel premises and restaurants are not allowed to do any abusive behaviour after drinking alcohol[1]. If the breach of rules of liquor act is done then as per section 4 of Liquor Control Reform Act 1998 if regulation in the restaurant is not maintained then the licensee can take the harmed person to court and for explicating and abusing hex may be punished under Corporation Act[2]. The obligations are to conduct disclosure, use provisional financial service; maintain risk management, work with technological ending. The obligations and rights of the licensee are to fulfil the responsibility service of the alcohol; look after the fire safety; required signage; specific conditions limitation. It is needed that records should be kept by the restaurant and by that the licensee can penalised if any harm is obtained by the other clients. There are several clients in a restaurant who consumes alcohol. This needs Alcohols license with obligation that if the person misbehaves with any of the staffs and the customers then the person may be thrown from the restaurant and in charge penalty may be asked from that person[3]. Under the club license act it is necessary that several premises structures are needed to be carried which may helps in carrying forward the obligations, rights and other duties. For the staffs and the clients every possible steps are needed to be followed appropriately through which change can be brought and if the warning is given to the customers like Larry then they would never perfor m such acts. This may help in structuring and controlling the possible changes in the restaurant and other premises following several dimensions and change which is needed to be brought. 2. At Friday night after leaving the restaurant he was seriously injured. In this case the licensee of the restaurant is non-vicariously liable. He was personally liable for his condition because he was in an intoxicated condition and he used the toilet which is in the backside of the restaurant. In this case Larry is himself liable for the negligence and carelessness performed by him. In this case Occupiers liability act 1984 is responsible because an occupier imposes liability in the maintaining the land which has been made by them. The infrastructure of the toilet is problematic because there is a reason that degree of control has caused the main problem which is the reason those certain conflicts has been raised[4]. This is the duty of the owner of the restaurant to do maintenance of each part of the building but as the toilet was too maintained so Larry was injured. In this case partial duty of the occupier is to maintain the balance of the work of the organization. It is necessary that implied license of legal consideration is needed to be practiced. In this case allurement principle is also balanced because it is common duty of care of the staffs to help the customers. As the staffs have noticed that the condition of Larry was very adverse so it is necessary that the staffs should have taken Larry to any taxi or car in a safe way by seeing his adverse intoxi cated condition. It is necessary that several structures of the premises is needed to be followed through which the organizational benefit in the restaurant is matched. It is necessary that defences on occupiers liability is needed to be fulfilled which may help in carrying forward the structural plans of standard care. It is necessary that standard of care is maintained[5]. Contributory negligence is done in this case because there are different objectives which are needed to be followed in a structural way through which liability is concerned. In this case as both have equal liability so no one is concern about the ramifications. No one can be directly blamed for the injury of Larry as himself he was in a drunk state and under Liquor Control Reform Act 1998-section 3AB no one is allowed to abuse someone in a drunken condition. It is necessary that different structures of Occupiers liability act 1984 is needed to be fulfilled through which license act can be fulfilled. Liability in respect of intoxicated plans is needed to be progressed. These types of acts should be balanced with several conditions which are needed to be balanced. This can prove that the licensee is not vicariously liable for the injury of Larry but the owner was vicariously liable under occupiers liable act. If the balance of the cat is maintained properly then change can be progresse d with the action and planning conditions which helps in carrying forward the balancing nature of the organization or restaurant. In this case Larry cannot sue the restaurant under Wrongs act 1958. Bibliography Devenney, James and Howard Johnson,Contract, Tort, And Restitution Statutes 2010-2011(Routledge-Cavendish, 1st ed, 2011) Nolan, John and Richard Dufty,Buying And Selling A Business(Leo Cussen Institute, 1st ed, 2003) Occupiers Liability Act 1984(2017) Legislation.gov.uk https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/3 Symon, Helen,Corporations Act 2001(Leo Cussen Institute, 1st ed, 2006) WRONGS ACT 1958(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/wa1958111/ Helen Symon,Corporations Act 2001(Leo Cussen Institute, 1st ed, 2006). John Nolan and Richard Dufty,Buying And Selling A Business(Leo Cussen Institute, 1st ed, 2003). WRONGS ACT 1958(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/wa1958111/. James Devenney and Howard Johnson,Contract, Tort, And Restitution Statutes 2010-2011(Routledge-Cavendish, 1st ed, 2011). Occupiers Liability Act 1984(2017) Legislation.gov.uk https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/3.

New IT Technologies Essay Sample free essay sample

Tendencies are the lifeblood to society and concern. It determines how persons and concern direct their design and handle state of affairss. In the concern sphere. IT trends are what carry the organisation from its current province to the following coevals of concern. There are a few tendencies that are presently within society and concern that have been implemented with success. On the other manus. there are engineerings that have yet to do their grade on concern and are still being evaluated for their utility. The engineerings that I will discourse are. wireless frequence connect ability. LTE engineering. touch screen capablenesss. and voice governable engineering. Wireless Capabilities Wireless capablenesss have been around for a few old ages and are really utile within places and concerns that use them. They help multiple persons connect to a router and entree a web for cyberspace and file sharing use. These webs can be password protected so that merely authorised forces can entree it. We will write a custom essay sample on New IT Technologies Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These webs can besides be left public so that anyone in scope can entree it. The major advantage of the radio web is that it eliminates the use of Ethernet overseas telegrams and phone lines to link to the cyberspace. Besides it allows multiple persons within the same location to entree this web every bit good. The disadvantage of this engineering is that if there is an outage within your country or the router goes out so the signal is lost every bit good. If this event occurs. the Ethernet overseas telegram can be connected to the router but limits the figure of persons who will hold entree. If an organisation does non hold radio capablenesss they should implement this into their concern. With the entree to wireless pressmans this can profit organisations because multiple persons can entree this hub. It does present the same disadvantages that any other radio connectable devices but serves each person in the organisation. LTE Technology LTE engineering is the newest ascent to 3G webs that are use in voice communicating. It is presently being used by phone companies such as Verizon. AT A ; T. T-Mobile. and Sprint. It will let faster connect ability for clients and serve as an ascent to the current webs. The advantage with this engineering is that it increases informations velocities for users and allows them to make multiple things at the same time. The disadvantage with engineering is that it has non been to the full integrated and everyone does non hold entree to it presently. Harmonizing to Phil Asmundson. â€Å"Device-makers will be quicker on the consumption with LTE because they have more experience in the concern theoretical accounts environing data-enabled phones. † At the minute merely certain phones have entree to it so the full potency has non been reached. For the concern degree this can be expensive to incorporate and would take an executive determination. Currently. some companies issue cellular devices to their employees for legion grounds. If they upgraded all employees’ devices it would be dearly-won but besides would ease communicating. The companies could carry on nomadic meetings by utilizing facetime or Skype with their associates. If this is done each person informations velocity would be capable of remaining on the call without dawdling or dropping signal ( Fitchard. 2010 ) . Touch screen Capabilities Touch screen devices have been around for a few old ages when it comes to cellular devices but now they are occupying the concern degree. With the development of touch screen desktop computing machines some companies may be looking towards implementing these devices within their organisations. This will impact concern on multiple degrees and have its advantages and disadvantages for the organisation. The advantage is that it can do accessing the computing machine much easier and extinguish the use of the mouse. Besides it will give exhilaration to the employees in the beginning phases of use. The disadvantage of this engineering is chiefly the cost due to the monetary value of buying these proctors. The 2nd disadvantage is upkeep of these devices due to the sum of cleansing that will happen to maintain these proctors clear from fingerprints. This engineering while creative does non function an organisation much use when it comes to carry oning concern although it may be trendy at the current minute. Voice Controllable Technology Voice-control engineering is an helper that can assist out when you’re drive. caring for patients or ankle-deep in hands-on work. â€Å"Voice-recognition tools besides can be effectual in workplaces with document-intensive work flows. † says Vlad Sejnoha. main engineering officer at Burlington. Mass. -based Nuance Communications. which offers the Dragon Go! Voice-recognition hunt app. â€Å"For illustration. the federal authorities has mandated the usage of electronic medical record systems to gaining control and portion patient information. But they tend to be difficult to utilize. template-oriented and a good option for voice acknowledgment. ( Blum. 2012 ) † Voice-recognition package has already been implemented within cellular devices so it would function a intent within concern every bit good. Apple has already made it a core portion of its trade name and is looking to integrate it within their computing machines and tablets. This package besides has the capa bleness to be incorporated with affiliated telecastings. cameras. Web and e-mail platforms every bit good as vehicles. This engineering may function as being excessively dearly-won due to new purchases a company would hold to do but could function as a benefit. The advantage is that it allows persons to carry on multiple undertakings as one time so it can raise efficiency. The disadvantage is that it can go a distraction to persons and be a hinderance ( International Business. 2012 ) . Mentions Blum. J. ( 2012 ) . 10 Tech Trends Specifying the Future of Small Business. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. enterpriser. com/article/222592Fitchard. K. ( 2010 ) . ARE WE READY FOR LTE? . Connected Planet. 12. International Business. T. ( 1 ) . Improved Siri Will do Everything for You. Including Shopping: Apple Patent Filing. International Business Times.

Free Essays on Ben Franklin

Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Benjamin's mother was Abiah Folger, the second wife of Josiah. In all, Josiah would father 17 children. Josiah intended for Benjamin to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah could only afford to send his son to school for one year and clergymen needed years of schooling. But, as young Benjamin loved to read he had him apprenticed to his brother James, who was a printer. After helping James compose pamphlets and set type that was grueling work, 12-year-old Benjamin would sell their products in the streets. After his teenage years, Franklin ran away from home and arrived in Philadelphia where he would gain his fame for inventions and discoveries. Franklin is also known as one of the founding fathers of our country, The United States of America. He signed the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and was our first Foreign Ambassador when visited King Louis XVI. Fr anklin also helped the government of France sign a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans in 1778. Franklin also helped secure loans and persuade the French they were doing the right thing. Franklin was on hand to sign the Treaty of Paris in 1783, after the Americans had won the Revolution. Franklin died on April 17 1790 at the age of 84. Over twenty thousand people attended his funeral services (â€Å"Quick†, 1995). When it comes to electricity, Ben Franklin is the first thing that pops up in most people’s head. Ben didn’t invent electricity but he was able to do many things that were really incredible. His first and most famous experiment with electricity was him flying a kite in a thunderstorm. â€Å"He wanted to prove that lightning is electricity† (Usel, 1996). So Ben and his son William had decided to try an electrical experiment during a thunderstorm. They both walked to the top of a hill and let the kite go up. They wanted to get electricity to h... Free Essays on Ben Franklin Free Essays on Ben Franklin Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Benjamin's mother was Abiah Folger, the second wife of Josiah. In all, Josiah would father 17 children. Josiah intended for Benjamin to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah could only afford to send his son to school for one year and clergymen needed years of schooling. But, as young Benjamin loved to read he had him apprenticed to his brother James, who was a printer. After helping James compose pamphlets and set type that was grueling work, 12-year-old Benjamin would sell their products in the streets. After his teenage years, Franklin ran away from home and arrived in Philadelphia where he would gain his fame for inventions and discoveries. Franklin is also known as one of the founding fathers of our country, The United States of America. He signed the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and was our first Foreign Ambassador when visited King Louis XVI. Fr anklin also helped the government of France sign a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans in 1778. Franklin also helped secure loans and persuade the French they were doing the right thing. Franklin was on hand to sign the Treaty of Paris in 1783, after the Americans had won the Revolution. Franklin died on April 17 1790 at the age of 84. Over twenty thousand people attended his funeral services (â€Å"Quick†, 1995). When it comes to electricity, Ben Franklin is the first thing that pops up in most people’s head. Ben didn’t invent electricity but he was able to do many things that were really incredible. His first and most famous experiment with electricity was him flying a kite in a thunderstorm. â€Å"He wanted to prove that lightning is electricity† (Usel, 1996). So Ben and his son William had decided to try an electrical experiment during a thunderstorm. They both walked to the top of a hill and let the kite go up. They wanted to get electricity to h...

The impact of Gorbatchev's reform Glasnost on arts and media between Research Paper

The impact of Gorbatchev's reform Glasnost on arts and media between 1980 and 1990 - Research Paper Example In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became the Secretary of the CPSU and introduced the concept pr policy of Glasnost. Translated to English, Glasnost means openness. Glasnost was an important component of Gorbachev’s perestroika by which Gorbachev attempted to raise the sagging economic fortunes of the Soviet Union and make the inefficient system of governance more efficient (Gibbs, 1999). 2. Literature Review Understanding the impact of Gorbachev’s glasnost on arts and media in the Soviet Union in its early years till 1990, is a challenge in understanding what it meant during that period and the objective of Gorbachev in introducing it. From 1985 to 1988 many interpretations were given by different sources for glasnost. While openness, public airing, and freedom of speech were the most commonly used interpretations, there were wordier interpretations. An astute interpretation put forward was that glasnost was the means by which Gorbachev intended to enlist the entire huge media of the country towards attacking the entrenched party workers and government bureaucrats that were so keen on profiting from the existing system of governance. ... as meant as â€Å"maximum openness and truthfulness in the activity of the state and public organizations †¦ But at the same time glasnost is not synonymous with universal permissiveness, the undermining of socialist values; it is invoked to strengthen socialism, the socialist code of morals(Gibbs, 1999, p.13)†. Yet, in his memoirs Gorbachev himself that the glasnost that he had introduced with limited freedom aims, but â€Å"glasnost broke out of the limits that we had initially tried to frame and became a process that was beyond anybody’s control† (Gibbs, 1999, p.14). 2.1. Influence of Glasnost on Visual Art Government censorship of art for several decades in the Soviet Union under the CPSU had led to a situation where genuine visual art had virtually become non-existent in the Soviet Union. The censorship introduce by the Soviet government was so harsh that it made sure that visual art could not become a means for registering agitation for political refor ms or as a platform for criticism of the government. Instead under pressure from the government visual art had become a visual tool and visual ally of the government. During the days of Stalin a non-conformist artist could end up in the Gulag or be put to death for non-conformist art was considered to be a part of political dissension. The only option left for non-conforming artists was to leave the country, like Ilya Kabokov and present to the rest of the world the fallacies that existed with regards to the political and social situation in the Soviet Union. Visual art prior to glasnost was in actuality a state sanctioned art that presented and idealistic picture of the state of politics and social situations under the CPSU in the Soviet Union. Thus visual art presented a very biased picture of the actuality in

Is there too much localism or not enough in our metropolitan areas Essay

Is there too much localism or not enough in our metropolitan areas today - Essay Example Particularly, the government as representative of the people ought to offer solutions to the problems that are facing its people. As such, the question as to the necessary policy concerning localism and implementation of the same will be featured in this paper. It is hard for some people to make out the difference between Localism and which concepts are involved in the metropolitan area governance. Localism is the belief on the existing system of a greater number of fairly small governments, wielding authority over such serious issues as land use guideline, local levying, and the financial support of the municipal services that ought to be preserved. Regionalism, on the other hand, seems to connote centralization and against the decentralization represented by the localism. America is dominated by metropolitan areas. Regionalism does not only oppose regionalism, but it is localism regional extension. Localism may also be based on the set of row as to the function of the local governments in endorsing the governmental efficiency, democracy and the public (Tam et al., 2002). In the modern metropolitan areas, economic, social and ecological local areas are regularly prevalent. The concerns on the efficiency, democracy and the community should lead to a shift in power from the existing localities and delegate it to the new processes, structures or organization that can support the decision making on behalf of the area. It can, therefore, be concluded that regionalism is the localism of the metropolitan regions. A localism is also a means of protecting the interests of the people who get benefits from the existing government structures (Gregg, 2003). Localism involves the shift of the power from the government to the local governments. The transformation is not only economic, but also social in nature. Localism makes people appreciate and identify with their new neighborhood and their

Borrowed Theories guiding practice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Borrowed Theories guiding practice - Coursework Example This theory is employed in nursing to review and assess individual’s intentions to adopt a health conduct such as the identification and choosing of a contraceptive. In this case, the theory of planned behavior and reasoned action is used in nursing to promote health and prevent a disease. This theory has been used in health promotion model and extensively employed to evaluate exercise conducts of patients, alcohol use and the use of contraceptives (McEwen & Wills, 2014). The determinants of these behaviors are the apparent behavioral control and a plan to execute a behavior. Contingent on each of the conducts, the behavioral control and the relative significance of the plan differ. The plans to carry out an action are determined by the attitudes of the individual towards the behavior (McEwen & Wills, 2014). This theory offers a definition of the components of attitudes towards the behavior. For instance, the attitude of the individual engrosses the beliefs that the person holds towards the behavior and the positive and negative effects linked to engaging in the conduct. For instance, in the behavior of using condoms, an individual’s intention to use a condom may be determined by the social pressures to use it and the prevention of

Applications of Sustainable Architecture

Applications of Sustainable Architecture ‘Sustainability: What it means for Architecture’ Abstract This thesis considers what sustainability means to architecture, and how architects can utilise their knowledge to not only ensure a greener future for buildings, but to promote a better understanding of sustainability on a far wider scale. The areas under study include an appraisal of the technical, social, and financial and energy-saving aspects of sustainable development. Research proposes that systematic research and study into what sustainability means can help the concept to be more fully understood and better implemented in industry. Research is secondary, and uses three case studies which I have selected for their relevance to my design interests and which I believe represent a unique and innovative approach to the concept and interpretation of sustainability in architecture. Introduction Contemporary definitions of sustainability suggest that it is a generic term which encompasses many areas of society and industry, including buildings, transport, and public space. Sustainable architecture has been defined as a ‘cultural construction in that it is a label for a revised conceptualization of architecture [†¦] A sustainable design is a creative adaptation to ecological, sociocultural and built contexts (in that order of priority), supported by credible cohesive arguments.’[1] This dissertation seeks to address and discuss the varied ways in which sustainability relates to architecture, including physical constraints, impact of sustainable design, political and social trends and needs, and the availability of resources with which to build sustainable architecture. For architects sustainability and its implications have become of great value and importance ultimately changing the direction of architecture as a discipline and practical science. I believe that the term sustainability is a term thrown around very often without much thought as to what it means often because it is a concept of such great depth with potentially world-changing consequences and that the concept requires far more research if it is to be fully implemented on a mass scale. Throughout this thesis, I seek to define my own professional and creative interpretation of sustainable architecture by examining and learning from the work of others. In my structuring of the thesis I have narrowed down these interests to focus on three key areas as represented by three chosen case studies. These are to include: Chapter One. Technical sustainability: Werner Sobek This chapter examines how German engineer and architect Werner Sobek has integrated sustainable technical features into the design of his ecological home. The social housing Bed Zed project in London is also examined for its contributions to developing a clearer understanding of how architects might incorporate sustainable technology into their designs. Chapter Two. Social Sustainability: Seattle Library OMA. This chapter considers the impact and function of the public building for the immediate neighbourhood, and why the development is socially important. Chapter Three. Economical and Energetic Sustainability at Beddington. This chapter examines the key features of the Bed Zed project and what energy-saving and economic incentives the project offers to the wider community. Now one of the most well-known sustainable social housing developments, designed by Bill Dunster Architects, Bed Zed provides a useful and insightful point of comparison for the other studies. This allows me to assess the changes and improvements which sustainable development has undergone over the last decade. Chapter One: Technical Sustainability: Werner Sobek As outlined by Stevenson and Williams the main objectives of sustainability include significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving resources, creating well-structured and cohesive communities, and maintaining a consistent and successful economy[2]. For architecture these concepts have opened up a new industry involving use of alternative often re-usable materials, which offers the architect space to experiment with new designs. A considerable body of research exists into the best use of construction materials, offering guidance to architects and construction companies. For example, in 2000 The Building Research Establishment published a paper called a ‘green’ guide to construction materials which presents Life Cycle Assessment studies of various materials and their environmental impacts[3]. Whereas Energy Efficiency Best Practice in Housing have already established through research that there is global pressure to ensure that construction materials are susta inable.[4] Sobek’s design of his own sustainable home has been described as ‘an ecological show house of precise minimalism.’[5] Its principal design is of a cube wrapped in a glass shield, where all components are recyclable. The most obviously sustainable technical feature is the building’s modular design glass panels and a steel frame, which forms a lightweight structure. Sorbek’s work illustrates a high degree of thought behind the architect’s conceptual understanding of sustainability. Sorbek has obviously thought about what sustainability means and has implemented his knowledge to create an example from which future practitioners will learn. In Sobek’s work we see the high degree to which he has embraced new technology and made sophisticated use of new materials, while also maximising user comfort by incorporating sensor and controlling technology. Furthermore, the use of arbitrarily convertible ducts makes the use of traditional composites unnecessary. Thus, Sorbek is progressing the discipline of sustainable architecture, branching out into bolder, and stranger designs, which displace the functionality and detract saleability from traditional designs. In contemporary sustainable designs there needs to be a regularity and simplicity of form as this seems best to reflect the sustainable philosophy of the architect. As Papenek said of the designs of ecologically sensitive projects: ‘common sense must prevail when a design is planned.’[6] Considering the example of Sobek it is clear that sustainable building although fairly simple can nevertheless draw from a range of theoretical models in its designs. For example, the influence of traditional, even classical traditions will never be entirely absent from contemporary design; moreover contemporary sustainable designs require a re-assessment of architectural theory and practice. As Williamson et al phrases it: ‘green, ecological, and environmental are labels that embody the notion that the design of buildings should fundamentally take account of their relationship with and impact on the natural environment [..] labels refer to a particular strategy employed to achieve the conceptual outcome, and the strategies that occur in a discourse must be understood as instances from a range of theoretical possibilities. The promotion of a restricted range of strategic options regulates the discourse and the ways of practising the discipline [..] Overall, practitioners modify their concept of their discipline to embrace these new themes, concerns and ways of practice.’[7] Ways in which these theoretical influences might be expressed include experiments in symmetry, and regularity of form. Very often, as shown by Sobek’s work, the sustainable features require certain areas of space which can be unified under the more common purpose of working collaboratively. At Bed Zed in London any aesthetic compromises are more than compensated for by the provision of its own renewable energy. Forms, although not ambitious or ornamental do adhere to the Vitruvian principles of symmetry, where symmetry is defined as : ‘A proper agreement between the members of the work itself, and relation between the different parts and the whole general scheme, in accordance with a certain part selected as standard.’[8] In the BedZed project the regular layout, consisting of the assimilation of many component parts, reflects the sense of collaboration amongst the different companies which joined forces to create BedZed, and also the community feel amongst the people who live there. There is certainly a sense of completeness, deriving from the presence of many different units, fortified by sustainable features, where vents of varying colours detract from the strict regularity of forms, creating a light-hearted and ‘sunny’ aspect. Order and symmetry are integral to the design, as without these principles the amalgamation of materials and technological apparatus has the potential to look untidy. In both Sorbek’s project and at Beddington the presence of many windows, and solar panelled roofs, will come to symbolise not a lost tradition of architecture, but the securing of conceptual ideologies which aim to combine practicality with ecological sound principles and materials. Chapter Two. Social Sustainability: Seattle Library OMA. The Seattle Central Library, that opened in 2004, offers a unique blend of technical and social sustainability; where multi-functional spaces are combined with the most recent and efficient methods of construction. An important feature of the library’s placement is that it occupied the same site as the previous library. All too often new developments such as the newly proposed re-building of the Thomas Cooper Library at USC, Columbia involve purchasing a bigger site, often removed from the original location. This changing of location alters the layout of the city or town and thus changes the social dynamic of the area as well as the ways in which the public use the building. Designed by OMA Architects (Rem Koolhaas) and LMN Architects, the Seattle library has become one of the most famous buildings in North America[9]. Athens attributes this rise to fame to the building’s ‘daring form, soaring spaces, and unique interpretation of library functionality’, a s well as being a primarily green building with a LEED certification. The building is an irregular shape; this is necessary in order to maximise the exposure of the high performance glazing system to the light. A triple-layered glass wall allows for people within to have a shaded view out, while having plenty of daylight in the interior. One of the most sustainable features of contemporary projects should be to maximise daylight within the building and make best use of the energy that the sun affords. This not only means a greener ethic behind the building’s construction but also encourages people to make more use of the building as a public space, eg: for conferences, functions etc. The Seattle Library seeks to mark out a new definition of what public space means to the public, and how such a space can be multi-functional and dynamic in nature and design. Furthermore, the function of the building is not entirely contained to the immediate area or immediate society. For instance, the library has a rainwater collection system that is combined wit h a storm water detention tank. This means that the 40,000 gallon tank makes use of the required stormwater detention tank and increases its size by about 50% offering additional storage capacity for landscape irrigation, thus both conserving natural resources and benefiting the local farming and economic community. This library project is of particular relevance to the subject of this dissertation as it made use of LEED NC points an assessment method for the sustainable ‘points’ of a building as it is created. The Seattle library LEED NC points check highlighted social credits as being 28%: This project is a good example of how sustainable development can benefit the community and promote social engagement within the design process. As expressed by Athens,[10] ‘by its very nature, design process can represent the social side of sustainability because it is all about the people involved—their vision, creativity, and collaborative skills.’ Because the library project was aiming to provide a large community of people with an important service, and because the project needed to ensure a high level of longevity for the building, an extra three months was taken before the actual project design in order to research and map out the future of libraries their evolution, functionality and use of technology. Athens explains that ‘this process served to question assumptions regarding the core purpose of the project, and assess fundamental concepts for how needs could be met.’[11] The Bed Zed project in London although a social housing development provides a useful point of contrast to the Seattle project. For example, Bed Zed is a good example of how local government can work with local society, in a community-based project. While Athens expresses, ‘social aspects are harder to define as value propositions within the triple bottom line, and are often thought of as â€Å"externalities,†[12] it was the primary objective of the Bed Zed project to ensure that all parties were represented and consulted throughout the course of the project. In this way the social sustainability of the project is best achieved as once completed, the residents of the 82 homes have expressed their enthusiasm for the project, highlighting its convenience, its thoughtfulness in design, and its energy-efficiency. As Buckingham said of the social cohesion that went into the Bed Zed project, and which the project itself precipitated: ‘There is a synergy from building on these links so that capacity building is achieved through partnership in delivering local environmental sustainability projects and policies. Greater capacity as the sum of the collective work done in various initiatives is greater than the individual parts or partners, and, overall, individual projects and initiatives have a positive impact locally regarding environmental sustainability[..] The design provides a carefully researched balance between the needs of residents, businesses and community activities; the need for sunlight and daylight; an economic construction system and high levels of insulation without losing contact with the outside world.’[13] As designers Bill Dunster Associates have noted, ‘the true value of any site is determined by the amount of accommodation the local planning area sub-committee will allow to be built on it-empowering local communities to promote zero emissions developments, without relying on large central government grants, or asking the developer to pay for the increased building costs of super efficient urban fabric.’[14] Thus, in the design and implementation of sustainable projects it is necessary for architects to work closely and liaise with the local planning committee, stakeholders, and potential residents. Chapter Three: Energetic and Economic Sustainability In this chapter I seek to define the nature and importance of low-energy expenditure in construction and how to lower the building’s eventual energy output through new and innovative designs. Bed ZED Project, or Beddington Zero Energy Development, is the UKs largest carbon-neutral eco-community in the UK. It was built in 2002 in Wallington, within the London Borough of Sutton, and offers 82 residential homes. The Project was developed by the Peabody Trust, a social housing initiative in London, that aims to fight poverty within the capital. The aim of this project was to build in partnership with both an architect and an environmental consultancy firm, in order to create a housing project that incorporates new approaches to energy conservation and sustainability, and to develop a thriving community to live within it[15]. The BedZed design is unique for having incorporated a zero energy policy, where the energy that the building’s inhabitants need is produced by renewable sources generated on site.[16] Reclaimed materials were used, including floorboards, bollards, and timber.[17] It is a large site, including a sports field, offering 50 dwelling spaces per hectare, 120 workspaces per hectare, and over 4000m2 of green open space per hectare.[18] Utilisation of space is a key component of the design; the roofs of workspaces are used as gardens, where in comparable circumstances, most densities might only have room for a balcony.[19] According to the designers of BedZED, the â€Å"combination of super-insulation, a wind driven ventilation system incorporating heat recovery, and passive solar gain stored within each flat by thermally massive floors and walls, reduces the need for both electricity and heat to the point where a 135 kW wood fuelled combined heat and power plant (chp) can meet the en ergy requirements for a community of around 240 residents and 200 workers.†[20] The community treats all its black and grey water on site, and collects rainwater to minimise mains water consumption. A photovoltaic installation provides enough solar electricity to power 40 electric cars and the community has the capability to lead a carbon neutral lifestyle-with all energy for buildings and local transport being supplied by renewable energy sources. Other environmentally sensitive practices include community composting and plans for urban gardening on part of the adjoining Metropolitan Open Land, subject to local authority approval. Using the Bio-Regional principles of local material and labour sourcing stimulating the local economy, and minimising pollution from transportation, the team is now developing a site based prefabrication technique. Buckingham records that on-site workshops took second hand materials directly from demolition sites, cleaning up both timber and steel, and using simple jigs to build structural frames. Materials for this development such as new hardwoods, including oak and chestnut were sourced from local WWF Forest Stewardship Council approved woodland. Whereas local brick, concrete aggregate and precast floor planks were all sourced within 35 miles of the site, thus ‘ensuring that all bulky materials have a reduced embodied energy.’[21] It is important for architecture to embrace and promote new sustainable housing as a viable and prosperous alternative to renovating older style homes and installing sustainable features as to the potential home-owner an affordable, sustainable home is far more likely to be a more valuable asset of the future, offering them more efficient use of energy and a better quality of life. As highlighted by Glasgow Housing Association[22] the most toxic build up of emissions occurs within the home, rather than outside the home, which is why new developments have greater viability for meeting the needs of housing associations and potential inhabitants. As stated in The Architectural Review, BedZed is ‘a piece of radical architectural design, and deserves to be seen within a wider context as a model for future volume housing.’[23] In terms of sustainability BedZed betters the Millennium Village as it includes photovoltaic cells and individual power units, and the heating require ments of BedZED homes are around 10% of that of a typical home.[24] On their design of BedZed, Bill Dunster Architects is quoted as saying that it was a ‘high profile housing development: designed to be carbon neutral eco-housing with ostensible eco styling’[25]; one where the houses were designed around a heat and power unit that operates on heat and electricity from tree waste[26]. The project, did however, run over budget and well over its timescale due to problems in implementing the design and generating a truly sustainable outcome. As discussed by Williamson et al, sustainable design can be problematic in decision processes being made throughout the design process: â€Å"In practice an architect must make many decisions quickly and simply, on the basis of apparent fittingness with the right thing to do rather than deep analysis. Designers are also typically concerned with many decisions at the same time, switching from one to another in an attempt to find a fit between them, and initially regard most decisions as provisional anyway. Moreover, design problems are notoriously difficult to manage, to the extent of being labelled wicked.† Whereas traditional strategies for decision-making and overcoming problems might rely upon an architect’s experience and ability to identify key features of a new situation and apply their knowledge correctly, within the relatively new field of sustainable architecture, architects have to make decisions based on the work of others. As Williams and Radford suggest: ‘skilful practitioners learn to conduct frame experiments in which they impose a kind of coherence on messy situations and thereby discover consequences and implications of their chosen frames. Long webs of what if I try this? speculations are spun out in the process of making a design. In this way designers come to understand the possibilities and scope of a problem through a circle of making proposals and reflecting on their implications. From time to time, their efforts to give order to a situation provoke unexpected outcomes back talk that gives the situation a new meaning. They listen and reframe the problem.’[27] It is this ability to problem frame; to on-the-spot experiment, and detect the consequences and implications of sustainable designs that will allow architects to succeed in creating truly sustainable designs designs which do not overrun budget or time-frames, but which seek to make a compromise between the interests of all parties and the resources available. As suggested by a number of researchers including Buckingham and Healey, ‘building local knowledge and building on local knowledge within civil society is key to the development of social capital and institutional capital.’[28] Healey comments on the importance of local knowledge within different areas of civil society, and suggests that there is a need for local government to learn about different social worlds from which stakeholder groups and organisations come.[29] Analysis The case studies under discussion have exhibited the varied considerations and implications that sustainable development involves. Contemporary projects require an interdisciplinary approach one that consolidates information and can be used as a resource for future projects and research. As expressed by Hinchcliffe et al calculations and projections for the economic viability of sustainable projects require making ‘what formerly might be held to be no expertise as a resource for possible innovation, and to think of a project whereby expertise is less about distant judgments and more about learning to gather together in innovative ways.’[30] A thorough means of assessing to a specific degree the sustainability of projects can be achieved by measures such as the LEED NC, which should be a valuable and essential element of architectural practice. What the case studies have shown is that all sustainable projects need to be cohesive stakeholders, interested parties, need to be involved and to work with the architect, if the sustainable aims are to be achieved. What all the sustainable developments under study have shown is that sustainable development is concerned with creating a build that is durable, while being economically, energetically, and practically sustainable. The overriding principle as expressed by company ‘Sustainable Build‘ is that ‘less is more’, and it is easy for a design to run over its budget simply by trying to include too much or be too clever. Thus, a professional architect will need to aim for simplicity and functionality, and aim to make optimum utilization of space, often by thinking dual-purposefully as shown by the water tank at Seattle Library. Peter Fawcett sums up the contemporary relationship between architecture and sustainability offering an explanation to the question posed at the beginning of this thesis: ‘People may ask what does sustainability mean for architecture? but perhaps the proper question is what does architecture mean for sustainability? The former question suggests a weak approach to sustainability, i.e. an implicit assumption that sustainability has implications (possibly serious) for our present ways of procuring the built environment but those ways are basically appropriate. The latter question recognizes sustainability as the overarching concern, in terms of which all social disciplines and conduct must be reinterpreted and reformulated.’[31] As mentioned above, sustainable development is about keeping within the means of a realistic and attainable budget and within the aims and scope of the people involved. It is not only about ‘installing energy efficient and environmentally friendly appliances, some of which can be expensive and where the paybacks may not materialise for some time but also about recycling and making the most use out of natural materials and other materials which may have been discarded or dismissed.’[32] Different people have different environmental goals that they wish to achieve, and each sustainable development will thus reflect these goals. Benefits to the community and to the individual can be huge, and often simultaneous. Yet more than this, sustainable development is more of an umbrella term that affects (or should affect) the ways in which people live and build within their environments, and how these attitudes and practices can evolve and make best use of these environments. In an article for the Guardian, architect Bill Dunster expresses his concerns that green-living should not mean ‘dull’ living: ‘I find the checklist-orientated green movement very dull. I am worried about eco-fascism and a distinct loss of joie de vivre‘[33] With respect to the designs studied in this thesis there is certainly a lively, contemporary feel to the design of the Seattle project, combined with an optimum utilisation of space. Again, in the Bed Zed project, the symmetry of design and the colours used in the materials created a fun, individual look, that could not easily be replicated. Taking all the above into consideration my own research into what sustainable development means has led me to the conclusion that sustainable architecture does not mean dull or simple living for buildings’ inhabitants. Rather, the use of sophisticated technology as exemplified by the work of Sorbek can mean a wholly different form of living to traditionally constructed buildings which are not sustainable. This new way of living where space is used differently and more efficiently, and the impact of a person’s existence is immediately reduced and made to feel ‘sustainable’ offers a unique and more wholesome existence for the occupier. Conclusion In conclusion, research for this project has highlighted the term ‘sustainable’ to relate both directly and indirectly to architecture. While depending upon the social, technical, and financial structure of a project and its outcomes, sustainable development necessitates a flexible and dynamic understanding of energy, it’s potential, and its conservation. Sustainable development is all too often restricted by the options available, whereby practitioners modify their concept of their sustainability to suit individual projects. Although a degree of flexibility is required in order to modify design projects to suit the needs of all parties involved, it is essential for a professional architect to keep a clear focus on his or her definition of sustainability and what sustainability brings to the discipline and to their working life. In this way architects such as Sorbek can ensure that they create examples of truly sustainable architecture that can be used to teach younger architects entering into the profession. As explained by Williamson et al, the practice of the discipline of sustainable architecture is necessarily subject to ‘concepts and strategies based on common themes or concerns’ where ‘the continuation, small shifts, fundamental transformations, or replacement of issues can be affected by institutional settings such as political events, changes in technologies, scientific discoveries, calamities (actual or imagined) or economic practices and processes.’[34] Seen in this way, says Williamson et al, green, ecological, and environmental are ‘labels that embody the notion that the design of buildings should fundamentally take account of their relationship with and impact on the natural environment’, but the practice of implementing these concepts into physical realities requires a much deeper and more intrinsic understanding of what sustainability means for design, operation, and budget of a project. Designs of longevity thus require an intellige nt assimilation and interpretation of cultural trends and the ability to envision how a design might be embraced by future generations. Designs for the BedZed project might appear to have compromised some aesthetic elements in favour of cost and time efficient means of production. Yet these principles are essential to the future of housing design if the demands of the housing market are going to be met. Design thus involves incorporating aspects of the traditional, and the classical, in a new and dynamic housing solution, whereby the traditional principles of an architecture will never disappear from design, but will necessarily adopt a more subtle position in the ideologies of contemporary architects. The potential remains for further research into the construction of more gracious buildings than the BedZed project, but perhaps less expensive than the Seattle library. Sustainability is about finding middle ground between sustainable objectives and availability of resources and the type of budget available. Research has shown that it is possible to construct buildings which can incorporate the fundamental technologies to propitiate sustainability, but remain aesthetically impressive or even monumental in their design. Yet it is important to remember that building with sustainability in mind is still a recent trend, and one that has not yet overridden the non-ecological techniques of mass housing developments which are all too often seen as the easier, cheaper option for local governments. Therefore, sustainable designs remain very much in their infancy and future research will require sustained interest and financial support from both architects and from Governments alike if they are to be incorporated into mainstream architectural

Brave New World and Farhenheit 451 :: essays research papers

Imagine a world where free will is obsolete. Nobody has any freedom; most people do not even have a yearning for autonomy. The direction the world is heading right now could possibly produce such a world. Both Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, and Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, envision this world which lacks liberty. These books, both of which are supposed to be set in the future, have numerous theme similarities throughout them. Of all their common factors, the ones that stand out most would have to be the outlawed reading of books and the theme of the protagonist being a loner or an outcast from society because of his differences in beliefs as opposed to the norm. In the societies of both of these books outlawed reading is a common and almost completely unquestioned law. In Brave New World reading is something that all classes are conditioned against from birth. In the beginning of the novel there is a group of infants who are given bright, attractive books but are exposed to an explosion and a shrieking siren when they reach out for them. This thus prevents them from wanting the books and causes them to scream and shrink away in horror at the mere sight of the books. In reference to the accomplishment of this conditioning, the director said, "Books and loud noises...already in the infant mind these couples are compromisingly linked; and after two hundred repetitions of the same or a similar lesson would be wedded indissolubly. What man has jointed, nature is powerless to put asunder," (Huxley 21-22). We come to learn that the basic reasoning behind this conditioning against reading in Brave New World was because "you couldn't h ave lower-caste people wasting the Community's time over books, and there was always the risk of their reading something which might undesirably decondition one of their reflexes" (Huxley 22). In Fahrenheit 451 the outlawing of book reading is taken to an even greater extent. In this novel the whole purpose of a firefighter isn't to put out fires, rather it is to start fires. The reading of books in their society is completely forbidden and if someone is suspected of even owning a book, the firefighters are dispatched to go to that person's residence and start a fire. They start fires for the sole purpose of destroying books, as illustrated here, "They pumped the cold fluid from the numeraled 451 tanks strapped to their shoulders.

Case Note on Fletcher Essay

The facts of this case were that the taxpayer (and three others in partnership) entered a complex scheme, which involved the partnership, and annuity and loan arrangements. The scheme was financed through a series of â€Å"round robin† cheques and promised substantial deductions in the first five years of the 15-year plan. A number of documents were exchanged but no cash payments were made. This was calculated to return neutral cash flows with high tax deductions initially and high assessable income, especially in the last five years. A feature of the scheme was that there was an opportunity to terminate it in the last five years. In the relevant year the partnership derived assessable income of $170,000 and claimed deductions of $360,000. The issue before the court was whether the taxpayers were entitled to a deduction for interest. A lot of matters were argued before the case reached the High Court but before the Full Court the Commissioner’s contention was that the interest deduction should apportioned and disallowed under s 51(1) to the extent that it exceeded the partnership income. Their Honours indicated that if a taxpayer’s costs in deriving income were less than the actual income, the deductions would be allowable. However, if the costs exceed the income derived, the taxpayer’s purpose for making the expenditure may be relevant in characterizing and apportioning the expenditure for the purpose of the general deduction provision. This may include the taxpayer’s purpose for incurring the expenditure. Manson CJ, Brennan, Deane, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ said (at ATR 622-3): â€Å"†¦The position may, however, well be different in the case where no relevant assessable income can be identified or where the relevant assessable income is less than the amount of the outgoing†¦the disproportion between outgoing and income, the whole outgoing is properly to be characterized as genuinely and not colourably incurred in gaining or producing assessable income, the entire outgoing will fall within the first limb of s 51(1) unless it is somehow excluded by the exception of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Their Honours concluded that the issue of whether the taxpayers’ interest deduction would be allowable depended on the determination of whether the 15-year annuity plan would in fact runs its full course. The matter was  remitted to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal to determine, as a matter of fact, whether the scheme would run its full 15 years or whether it would be terminated before the last five years. In the former situation, the assessable income would exceed deductions and the interest would be an allowable deduction unde r s 51(1). In the latter situation, an explanation must be sought for the excess of deductions of some $2.7m over assessable income and to the extent that the explanation lay in substantial tax advantages, the outlays were not incurred in gaining assessable income. On the issue of whose purpose must be considered, the court made the following comments: â€Å"In the circumstances of the present case, its determination involves consideration not only of the purposes of the taxpayers but also of the purposes of those who advised them and acted on their behalf and whose ‘acts (and intentions)’ as agents must, as the Second Tribunal expressly pointed out, ‘be imputed to the principals’.† Reduced to its essential elements, if income exceeds outgoings, the taxpayer’s motives are largely irrelevant. If there is no assessable income or outgoings exceed income, a practical and common sense weighing up of all factors is warranted, including the taxpayer’s motive. As was anticipated in Phillip’s case, a disparity between outlay and income may trigger a more rigorous examination of a contract or arrangement. As was suggested in Ure’s case, the absence of a commercial quid pro quo will raise questions about the purpose of the expenditure. Where there is a dual purpose, or a purpose other than income production, expenditure is to be apportioned and there will be circumstances where purpose may mean subjective purpose or motive.

Anti Discrimination Essay

Anti-discrimination occurs when a person is treated less preferred than others because of their age, gender, ethnicity, disability or religion. Anti-discrimination also refers to the law on the right of people to be treated equally. Three anti-discrimination laws include: Racial Discrimination Act 1975 Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 Disability Discrimination Act 1992 The Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 is an Act relating to discrimination in employment, the public education system, delivery of goods and services, and other services such as banking, health care, property and night clubs. The Act helps unlawful racial, sexual and other types of discrimination in certain circumstances and promotes equality of opportunity for all people. The Act was granted Royal Assent on 28 April 1977 and came into effect on 1 June 1977. It was the 48th Act of 1977. Since then the Act has been amended and reformed about 90 times Racial Discrimination happens when someone is treated less fairly than someone else in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin. Racial discrimination can also happen when a policy or rule appears to treat everyone in the same way but actually has an unfair effect on more people of a particular race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin than others. Since the Act was passed in 1975, over 10,500 complaints have been received. The power of the national Parliament to pass this over-riding law arises under the â€Å"external affairs† power contained in the Australian Constitution. The power arose from the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination to which Australia is a treaty. This use of the power in this manner was confirmed in the landmark High Court decision in 1982. Disability Discrimination is when people with disabilities face huge social barriers at jobs, education and access to government. Disabilities also increase the chance of violence and other extreme forms of discrimination,  as well as banished from family and institutionalization. In the 1960s and 1970s, young activists and scholars organized a disability rights movement to improve the quality of life for people with disabilities, modeled after other civil rights movements. In general, the legal rights and responsibilities of employees in relation with anti-discrimination may include that you have the same right to training, promotion and work benefits as other employees e.g. if you have a disability, employers must provide you with any special facilities or services you need to access training, promotion or work benefits, as long as this won’t cause them unjustifiable hardship. You generally have the right to stay on in your job if you have a disability, or you acquire a di sability after you begin the job. An employer can only dismiss you, medically retire you or make you redundant because of your disability. As when you apply for a job, your employer must provide any special facilities or services you need to continue to do your job, as long as this won’t cause them unjustifiable hardship. If there are non-essential parts of your job that you can’t do, your employer must make arrangements to cover these in some other way. As for Race Discrimination you have the right to report any incidents if a person has harassed/bullied you this might include: your race, color, nationality, descent, ethnic or ethno-religious background of any of your relatives, friends, associates or work colleagues. If this does occur these penalties can be brought up to court for a trial. Problems faced by people affected by Anti-Discrimination might include African Americans who are called names who are harshly abused and harassed because of their race and their skin colour. All over the world, as a society we have been unable to accept being classified under one label. Our place as a racial state has changed throughout history, but still remains a mix of two ideas, racial dictatorship and racial hegemony, working to becoming a racial democracy. In the beginning, and for most of its history, from 1607 to 1865, most non-whites were firmly eliminated from politics. The racial dictatorship organized the â€Å"color line† rendering it the fundamental division in society. These â€Å"color lines† seem to be most prevalent in institutions where the color of your skin determined where you lived, what school you attended, and where you sat in restaurants and public transportation. It took real people from different cultures and grouped them into one generalized category. Instead of being labeled as your country of origin or where you lived, like (Americans) or (Africans), they were simply labeled black, therefore making them seem inferior to the dominant race. By grouping them into one category of little meaning, it takes away from their individuality and culture. The dominant group, in this case the United States, survives by a mixture of forcing and giving permission. For instance, blacks were given the right to education, however the level of education received by blacks compared to whites is different. Far more white people attend higher education institutions as opposed to blacks. Of all the students enrolled in higher education institutions, 70 percent of them were white while the remaining 30 percent of students. There is a large disparity in these numbers, however compared to a couple of decades ago, minorities, especially blacks, weren’t even allowed to attend school. Minorities’ attendance is even on the increase while white a ttendance in higher education is decreasing. Between 1991 and 1995, while the white enrollment was decreasing the black enrollment was increased by 9 percent. In the past the minority population made significantly less than the dominant race, and unfortunately it is still that way. While the gap is closing in disparity, there is still a huge jump in the earning of whites compared to those of blacks. Between 1980 and 1984, white men aged 18-64 made and hourly wage of $2.10 while there black counterparts only made an hourly wage of $1.86. (These men were performing similar jobs and yet the white male still made more earning than the black male. What also helped to close the gap was the black race was becoming educated and therefore more skilled. They were able to attend school now and become knowledgably in their skills and therefore make more money. These statistics should help to show that while racial disparity still exists, our dictatorship still exists but not as openly as in the past. For instance, real estate agents are more likely to point a white couple in the direction of white neighborhoods and a black couple in the direction of a black neighborhood. While helping them both equally, they are dictating where the couple’s should end up. Until politics serves the people and not the politician’s motives, we will never reach a racial democracy. As long as people are still saying discrimination, we will never reach a racial democracy. These problems were resolved since the Act was passed in 1975; over 10,500 complaints have been received. The power of the national  Parliament to pass this over-riding law arises under the â€Å"external affairs† power contained in the Australian Constitution. The power arose from the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination to which Australia is a treaty. This use of the power in this manner was confirmed in the landmark High Court decision in 1982. The Civil rights act 1964 was enacted to ensure that people in protected classes were not treated differently when it came to employment decisions, such as hiring, promotions and termination. Companies had policies that openly discriminated against employees for reasons, such as color or sex that were not related to the quality of job performance. In order to make the workplace equitable in its treatment of all employees, the government made it illegal to consider the protected classes in work-related decisions. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) received more than 93,000 complaints of discrimination in fiscal year 2009. An employer may not intend to treat employees differently, but an employee behavior may have the impact of discrimination. For example, someone telling a sexually laced joke may not intend to harass an employee, but the impact of the conversation may have led to a hostile work environment. Employees who experience discrimination in the workplace may suffer from low morale, which directly impacts work performance. If employees do not feel valued for the work that they do, then they will not be motivated to continue to perform at a satisfactory or above satisfactory level. These employees may be more likely to seek jobs in other companies or to file discrimination complaints with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Although the EEOC filled just over 300 lawsuits out of the 93,000 complaints it received in 2009, the time and money used to respond to complaints may impact the company’s profits. Also, a complainant may receive a â€Å"right to sue† letter from the EEOC. This gives the employee the ability to sue in court for discrimination, whether the charges are true or false. Again, the expense to a company may be greater than if it had implemented policies and workplace behavior expectations that would give everyone a clear mind on what to do and what not to do. Having a policy that forbids harassing  behaviors by employees shows that the company is proactive in protecting the rights of all employees. Disciplining or firing employees or members of management who have been proven to act in a discriminatory manner is a good defense against a claim of disparate treatment. This could help the company avoiding the expense and bad publicity which could be a great help at the end. Anti-Discrimination helps a lot of people around the people not only from work; it helps people from schools, shows and movies. It gives everyone a equal fairness on how they should get treated, and this why I think anti-discrimination is a great solution to make a world a better place. Bibliography www.antidiscrimination.gov.au www.wikipedia.org www.antidiscrimination.lawlink.nsw.gov.au www.humanrights.gov.au www.antidiscrimination.tas.gov.au/ www.ag.gov.au www.lawcouncil.asn.au www.adcq.qld.gov.au www.adc.nt.gov.au www.usq.edu.au www.thefreedictionary.com www.dictionary.com www.business.gov.au

Definition Essay Sample on Happiness What Is It Like

Definition Essay Sample on Happiness What Is It Like Have you ever questioned yourself whether you are happy of not? What does it mean to you? Happiness is a state of inside being of each person and comes from different sources depending on the desires and kind of personality. The scientists all over the world have done good deal of research, philosophers and writers have written thousands of books on this topic in order to describe this state. But the topic is still open to questions and discussions. This fact means that happiness is important and integral part of out life. During our existence, we as humankind created plenty of origins of happiness such as class, wealth, social position, family, level of intelligence and race. We also cherish and adore a huge variety of things and conditions that permanently bring happiness to us. Such as money, feelings, physical pleasures, relationships with others, sports, music, art cause happiness. The list is as endless as the list of our unpredicted and odd desires, as the list of personalities that exist in our modern globalized society. Imagine just one day from your life. How many bagatelles make you feel happy and vice versa? The felling of happiness is built on little things that are taken from our surrounding world, from our everyday life. And this condition greatly depends on a personality, his or her needs, wants, worldview and imagination. Each person is unique, what makes one happy may be absolutely hated by another. But as a rule we all strive to be happy. Ruut Veenhoven first conclusion is that happiness is not relative or dependent on a purely subjective outlook, as some theories posit. Indeed, happiness can be rather accurately predicted on the basis of the objective liveability of the society in which the individual lives, and on the basis of his or her personal profile.(Veenhoven 34) In general, happiness is an emotional state that people try to reach through the life. We study, look for a good and interesting job, marry, have kids to achieve needed state. But it is exceedingly important to know what makes us happy and what we need in this colorful and bright life. So to decide what to do and how to live is much easier. People are happy when they are in control, that is, when they feel competent to satisfy their needs and reach their goals (F. Heylighen) Sometimes people have to even struggle a lot in order to understand what happiness is like. And only through suffering and physiological pain they can realize what kind of feeling happiness is. â€Å"Pain now is part of the happiness later†. If you need custom essays, research papers, thesis, dissertations, term papers on Sociology, Psychology or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

Evaluation of the Company's Strategy Coursework

Evaluation of the Company's Strategy - Coursework Example This report assesses the current strategy of the business in the light of the Ansoff Matrix, the BCG Matrix and the SAFS Framework. The discussion also provides pertinent recommendations regarding the development of future business strategy with special focus on emerging markets and the impact of diversification. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Analysis and Critical Evaluation of the Organisation's Strategic Position 5 Analysis of the Organisation's Strategic Direction 6 Ansoff Matrix 6 BCG Matrix 9 SAFS Framework 11 Conclusions and Recommendations 12 List of References 14 Introduction Headquartered in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, Tesco PLC stands as one of the country’s premier supermarket retail chains while, maintaining its global standing in the category of top three multinational retailers (Henry 2008: 77). Presently, the extensive operations of the organization serve 14 nations and provide employment to around 520,000 dedicated members of the workf orce, additionally, the global sales of the business amount to a staggering ?72 billion with a reported increase of 5.3% in the group’s pretax profit from the previous year (Tesco PLC Annual Report 2012). Tesco’s evolution as one of the leading supermarket retail chain of the UK has been documented by strategic analysts for the purposes of assessing the progress of the public limited company in a dynamic and highly competitive business environment. Over the years, Tesco PLC’s adaptation to the changing economic conditions has been marked the initiation and implementation of various strategies. As stated by Hensmans, Johnson and Yip (2013: 5) to ensure that an organization’s future plans yield successfully or desired results, a business must modify or advance its strategic framework in a manner that is compatible with the extent of change in the environment in which its operates, as a failure to abide by this rationale may lead to the creation of a â€Å" strategic drift†. Assessing the strategic planning and implementation of Tesco PLC Hensmans, Johnson and Yip (2013: 5) comment that the organization’s process of continuous change did not surface within a specific timeframe; it was in fact a gradual and ongoing process which was characterized by Tesco PLC’s entrance into the non-food market after building a strong presence in the foods category. Additionally, establishment of appropriate distribution channels and development of the company’s supply chain also comprised of this effort of modification to effectively address the market dynamics (Hensmans, Johnson and Yip 2013: 5). The preceding discussion postulates that strategic planning and implementation is a comprehensive concept that must be examined through a multidimensional perspective. In the light of this understanding this report presents an analysis and evaluation of the existing strategy of Tesco PLC by incorporating the assistance of pertinent tools and techniques of strategic management. In conclusion the report also presents recommendations to the Board of Directors to assist the development of future business’ strategy. Analysis and Critical Evaluation of the Organisation's Strategic Position The critical analysis and evaluation of Tesco PLC can be conducted effectively by integrating the factors which exist in the

Respond to the online discussion about movie High Noon Essay

Respond to the online discussion about movie High Noon - Essay Example However, you have jointly discussed the position of Helen and townspeople where you should have elaborated Helen’s role in detail since she did have good will within her intentions which the townspeople did not! By saying this, I am not supporting Helen in her decision of moving out of the town. I just want to say is that you should have clearly indicated that having good will is not enough to make an individual’s action morally justified unless it is accompanied with practical action. 2. I agree with you when you rightly analyze the role of Kane as a moral activist fighting not for personal satisfaction, but for a moral cause. But you sound too confused about analyzing the role of Amy, particularly when you say, â€Å"Amy wanted Kane and this is what guided her, but at the end she dropped everything she believed in just so she can help Kane. Is this a selfish act or a dutiful act?† Kane was just as much husband to Amy when she decided not to stand by him when he was when she chose otherwise! It is obvious that she felt good will and her action was driven by her motivation to help her husband out of the trouble as a dutiful wife. She was truly a moral activist. You did not at all discuss the role of Helen and townspeople as was the requirement of the question.

Case Study #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

#2 - Case Study Example Gasoline is most commonly used as a fuel in vehicles which makes it one of the most important commodities in human life today. One of the characteristics of a necessary item is that its price should stay within the affordable limits of the general public, so that they are not deprived from its usage under any circumstances. But, gasoline price is found not to adhere to this rule and had often been subjected to wide variations, a consequence of similar variations in oil prices. The impact of such price movements is more intensely felt in the Western economies where almost every household owns a car. The following diagram is evidence of the wide fluctuations in gasoline prices in USA over five years (2004-2008). In fact, the mean and standard deviations of the gasoline prices, which are 251.38 (cents per gallon) and 62.15, over the five year span being considered, are also evident of wide variations in the same. The present study tries to investigate the causes and effects of wide fluctuations in gasoline prices in context of the US economy. USA being one of the highest GDP earning nation in the world and also the one with the highest per capita income, is a good ground for the study since oil has become more like a mode of daily life for the Americans. Hence, any fluctuations in the price level of the same, will have a widespread impact on the lifestyle of the nationals. The research outcome will help the residents of the country to get more aware of the possible impact of a rising oil price and thus they will be in a position to anticipate beforehand how they might be affected when subjected to such price fluctuations, and thus shield themselves accordingly. The fluctuations in oil prices and hence that of gasoline could be owed to a large proportion of oil being produced in the Middle East nations which, having formed an organization in themselves (OPEC) enjoy almost a monopoly power over the price movements of the

The Corpse Bride Analysis with Final Cut Pro Essay Example for Free

The Corpse Bride Analysis with Final Cut Pro Essay Tim Burtons Corpse Bride is about a young man who accidentally marries a zombie bride. Victor Van Dort, and Victoria Everglot, are arranged to get marriage. After Victor ruins the wedding rehearsal, he ï ¬â€šees and practices in a forest near by, placing the wedding ring unintentional on a ï ¬ nger of a dead girl, who is now saying she is Victors wife. The Land of the Dead holds many bewilderments for Victor while he learns of Emilys past story and get to know one another better. Back at home with Victor away, Victorias parents decide to move forward and marry her to a newcomer in town named Lord Barkis Bittern. Soon after Victor is informed of Victorias impending marriage to Lord Barkis. Victor agrees to die for Emily for their marriage to be valid, after realizing he has lost Victoria. Victoria ï ¬ nds them both at a church and is followed by Lord Barkis. As Victor prepares to drink the cup of poison to kill himself, Emily has second thoughts, realizing she doing the same to Victoria that was done on to her, taking away her happiness. Lord Barkis intrudes, and Emily recognizes him as her former ï ¬ ancà © and murder. Lord Barkis tries to kidnap Victoria against her will, but Victor steps in to stop him. As Lord Barkis decided to leave he makes a speech and accidentally drinks a cup of poison that was meant for Victor. The dead drag the new arrival away for punishment. Emily backs out of her agreement with Victor, and sets him free to be with Victoria. Giving the wedding ring back to him, she steps into the moonlight, she transforms into hundreds of butterï ¬â€šies, leaving all to assume she found peace. I choose to do this paper on Tim Burtons Corpse Bride because I have always loved the colors, music, story, and even the characters. After all Emily went through she is still optimistic even in her afterlife. Victory fought through the whole movie for true love and in the end was rewarded. The characters do have ï ¬â€šaws but they are still enjoyable and relatable as well. This movie has amazing colors and lighting. Throughout the movie all the darks and lights are placed in the right spots to create a consistent mood. The characters also have so many shades of color to them. The music is just an added bonus to everything. Some of the songs fun and lively, while others are a bit more serious. Tim Burton always does a good job with his movies, and this one was no exception. While still enjoying all of the reason why I like this movie, I was watching out for all the transitions, cuts, color adjustments, and sound. Knowing that this ï ¬ lm was made by stop motion, made it a lot more interesting to experience. I know that there is only so much editing that can be contributed through a camera, while the rest must be from Final Cut. All the editing was done successfully, and if anything added more to the story and ï ¬ lm. Transitions were clean and nicely cut at appropriate spots. They were not a distraction nor did they interrupt the experience of the ï ¬ lm. The color was amazing, the darks were deep, the colors were pigmented. The editing on the contrast and saturation were perfect for the feel of the ï ¬ lm. The video and sound went very well together. I think that this was a huge factor in creating the ambience to this ï ¬ lm. The cute little features to this ï ¬ lm like how the sound goes with the ï ¬ lm was perfect. A good example is when Emily was playing the piano but her hand broke off and it continued to make the sounds of the keys with every little beat of the hand. Working this Final Cut I know how many options their are to decide between. They choose the right ones at the right time. They worked out every little detail, which Im sure took a while. Only doing a minute project took a few days, I could only imagine working on something that is two hours long. To think that this movie was created with a software that anyone has access too, and is easy enough to learn, is amazing. They did an amazing job on Corpse Bride and only inspires me as a student to reach farther and achieve higher. They successfully created a ï ¬ lm with a decent story line, amazing visuals with the use of colors, sound that enchanted the video, clean transitions from clip to clip and all together an enjoyable experience.